Scientific Thought and its Burdens is a book to search for the ways in which science has been understood in history and the way we conceive it today. It argues that every human phenomenon has certain mental frameworks through which it is manifested. Then it raises the question: through which mental frameworks is science manifested? First of all, science is a cognitive activity and as such it is an attempt to acquire knowledge of certain objects or phenomena around us. In that case, it must have an epistemol

Ontological concepts –from the branch of metaphysics concerned with the nature of being- occupy a central position in philosophy. This is primarily because human beings are interested in understanding the natüre of existence, the question of why there is “something” rather than “nothing”, of enquiring into the meaning of existence and so forth. Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Shīrāzī (d. 1661), known as Ṣadrā or Mullā Ṣadrā, developed a new philosophical system based totally upon the concept of existence (wujūd). The same a